Counsil Bylaws

A bylaw is a rule or regulation made by a local authority which affects the public, which orders something to be done, or in some cases, to not be done.

Local councils are given the power to make bylaws by a number of statutes, for example, the Local Government Act, the Transport Act and the Health Act.

A territorial authority may make bylaws for its district, covering among other things, the following:

1. protecting the public from nuisance
2. protecting, promoting, and maintaining public health and safety
3. minimising the potential for offensive behaviour in public places
4. the management of public space.

   Creating and changing bylaws

   Before making a bylaw councils must, according to the Local Government Act 2002, first prove that a bylaw is the most appropriate way of addressing the issue. Determination would include, for example, whether the issue is already covered under existing legislation.
   If a bylaw is found to be the most appropriate way of addressing the perceived problem, Auckland City must, before making the bylaw, determine whether the proposed bylaw
   1. is the most appropriate form of bylaw and;
   2. gives rise to any implications under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.
   Refer to section 79 of the Local Government Act 2002 for more information about decision making requirements.
   If the draft bylaw is approved, it will go out for public consultation. Auckland City must follow a special consultative procedure on any proposed changes to an existing bylaw or in the creation of a new bylaw.

   Review of bylaws

   Local authorities are required to review its bylaws under section 158 of the Local Government Act 2002 as follows:
   1. all bylaws that were made or had effect prior to the commencement of the Local Government Act 2002 on 1 July 2003 must be reviewed within five years of that date
   2. bylaws made under the provisions of the Local Government Act 2002 must be reviewed within five years after the date on which they were made.
   Once a bylaw has been reviewed under section 158, the next review must be carried out within 10 years after the date of the last review of the bylaw under this section.

   Consultation

   Auckland City must follow a special consultative procedure on any proposed changes to an existing bylaw or in the creation of a new bylaw. Exceptions are for minor changes that may be publicly notified by resolution, these are:
   1. editorial changes or amendments of minor effect
   2. the conversion of imperial weights or measures specified in a bylaw into its metric or near metric equivalent
   Refer to section 156 of the Local Government Act 2002

   Special consultative procedure

   When public consultation is required by the Local Government Act or any other enactment, Auckland City must adopt a special consultative procedure as set out in section 83 of the Local Government Act 2002.
   The consultation procedure includes
   Preparing
   • a statement of proposal - which provides the reasons for the proposed bylaw and the analysis that has gone into its development
   • a summary of the information contained in the statement of proposal
   Providing access to the information
   • distributing the summary of information to affected parties
   • making the the statement of proposal and the proposed bylaw available for inspection (eg at Auckland City service centres and libraries)
   • giving public notice of the proposal and that consultation is being undertaken (including details of where to view the statement of proposal and the proposed bylaw)
   Inviting submissions
   • the public notice must include details of the submission period -  the submission period must be a period no less than one month from the date of the first public notice
   • acknowledging receipt of all submissions in writing, including details of that person's opportunity to be heard
   • giving submitters reasonable opportunity to be heard if they have indicated a desire to do so
   • making all written submissions available for public inspection.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   

Consumer's Gaurantees Act

Consumer Guarantees Act 

The guarantees

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Under the Act, your consumer rights are expressed as a series of "guarantees" that a seller automatically makes to you when you buy any good or service ordinarily purchased for personal use. We explain them below.

Goods

Retailers and other such suppliers guarantee their goods will:

• Be of acceptable quality (see definition below).
• Be fit for a particular purpose that you asked about.
• Match the description given in advertisements or sales brochures, or by the sales assistant.
• Match the sample or demonstration model.
• Be owned by the consumer, once purchased.
• Be a reasonable price, if no price or pricing formula has been previously agreed.

Manufacturers (the definition includes importers) in New Zealand guarantee that:

• Spare parts and repair facilities will be available for a reasonable time.
• They will honour any written warranty that comes with their products.
• Goods are of acceptable quality.
• Goods match their description.

• Services

  Service providers guarantee their services will be:
  • Performed with reasonable care and skill.
  • Fit for the particular purpose they were supplied for.
  • Completed within a reasonable time.
  • A reasonable price, if no price or pricing formula has been previously agreed.

  Acceptable quality

  This means goods:
  • Do what they are made to do.
  • Are acceptable in appearance and finish.
  • Are free from minor defects.
  • Are safe and durable.
  The Act's terms "reasonable" and "acceptable" are deliberately open-ended. It depends on what a reasonable consumer would think was acceptable based on the nature of the goods, the price, and any statements that have been made about the goods. A concert violin is required to meet a higher standard than a child's cheap instrument. Ultimately a tribunal referee or a judge may have to decide what is reasonable or acceptable in the circumstances.
  If a defect was pointed out to you before you bought the good, then it doesn't count towards making it unacceptable.

Marine Transmissions

1) Explain the different types  of gear selection systems found 

a)In outboard gearcases and stern drives.
b) Inboard marine gearboxs.
2) what types of gears are used in out boards and stern legs.
a) give an explaination of why manufacturers choose this type of gear box.
3) explain what A duo propellor system is and how it works/operates
4)why would a V drive be used  instead of a standard shaft drive system
5) compare a jet unit with a surface drive unit and give reasons why you would choose one system over the other.
1).Inboard Marine Gear Cases:
engine is spinning the drive shaft but the direction of prop shaft is different.The direction of the prop is changed by the pinion at the end of the shaft.
All the three gears turn at same time.
pinion gear is smaller with smaller tooth and it turns two and half times for every rotation to the forward and reverse gears.
Inside the reverse and forward gears is the prop shaft  has four large “dogs”. When the shift lever is moved the dogs connect with either the reverse or forward gears. Only one  can engage the drive shaft at a time. The dogs are strong. If the reverse and forward gears were always engaging and disengaging with the pinion gear.  These are also known as constant mesh gears.
Stern Drive:It is a basic transmision. A locking mechanism (clutch dog) is moved by a cable and a lever to change from forward gear to reverse, with a neutral in between. It can't jam it in reverse  as it is linked to the throttle cable to prevent the engine when at full rpms.

Gear Box Reflections

By disssemling Toyota k40 gear box  had given better insight of how gear box operates.

what type of gears are used for reverse in a manual gear box?
The reverse gears are usually straight cut gears
A) Give an explanation for your choice
The reason we choose straight cut as reverse Straight cut  will 'whine' the faster also offer  A. More directional application of force allowing for less power loss. and B. Higher acceptable loads until failure, making the transmission stronger and more efficient. 
2 What type of gears are used for all forward gears in a manual gear box?
 The forward gears are usually helical cut gears
a) Give an explanation for your choice?
The reason we use helical gear is they have better contact and easy shifting in high speed and noise levels are low
3) What is the purpose of a sinchromesh unit
sinchromesh unit consist of sincro gear and sincro ring.sincromesh unit helps in sincronising two gears while changing and help reducing friction at high speeds there by avoiding damage to gears and also reducing noise levels.
4)Explain the operation  of a sincromesh unit
 is a mechanism which ensure that gear changes are smooth and quiet by preventing the gears from being engaged until both components coming into contact are travelling at the same speed. The synchro cone is the component which actually speeds up or slows down the gears before they are engaged while the baulk ring stops the engagement taking place until the speeds match.

b)what is the purpose of a baulk ring or sincro ring

baulk ring acts as an intermidiary prior to the shifting of the gear.It is a mechanism which helps ensure that gear changes are smooth and quiet by preventing the gears from being engaged until both components coming into contact are travelling at the same speed.CHow do we check a baulk ring for servicability?
we physically check a baulk ring for wear on teeth
D) What types bearings do we find in gear boxs
we usally find ball race bearings and roller bearings
5 Give an explanation of a gear ratio?
The gear ratio is the no of the teeth present on input shaft and an output shaft.

four stroke engines

 Four stroke take two times of crank rotation to complete one cycle when compared to two stroke engines.The four stroke has the following stages,

1)Intake 

2)Compression

3)Power and

4)Exhaust.

Removing the cylinder head :
The coolant has to drained out before embarking on dismantling the cylinder head.proper precautions need to be taken for disposing the coolant.
Inspection of cylinder head.cylinder head needs to inspected with a straight edge and a feeler gauge  for warpage.
warpage is usually condition in which the original machined surface is distored due stress vibration, change in temparatures etc which can effect the ceiling of head gasket can lead to over heating and soforth.The maximum allowance for warp is .05mm.

Valve guides . The valve guides are tubular structure pressed into the block of the head   The wear of  valve guides will effect the the valves to locate the valve seats . Failure to seal the combustion chamber properly, the engine start to burn oil and can lose performance , leaking from the top of the cylinder head into the exhaust and intake manifolds. New engines are fitted with valve stem oil seals..
we check the valve guides clearence using ball gauge or telescopic gauge
INSPECTION
Valve mechanism
1. Inspect each valve for following:
a. Damaged or bent valve stem
b. Rough or damaged face and  c. Damaged or unevenly worn stem tip.

Valve stem : Valve stems were more prone to wear till the head seats are coated or made of stellite.The wear in Valve stem can cause  loss in compression and excess oil consumption.Resurface or replace valve if neccesay.

Calculate valve stem-to-valve guide clearance. Subtract outer diameter of
valve stem from inside diameter of respective valve guide.If clearance exceeds specification, replace valve,
Valve seats : The wear in valve seat can cause leak in compresesion and also can affect the performance of the engine heat dessipation also not uniform.
Inspect contact surface of each valve seat and valve face for following:
a. Roughness
b. Damage
c. Pitting
d. Crack


Check for valve sink by measuring protruding length  of
valve stem to lower valve spring seat.

                                                                                     

valve springs : valve springs are crucial in controlling the breathing and exhaust in internal combustion engine.The valves are mechanically operated by camshaft through tappets or valve lifters and closed by valve springs.
valve spring installed height and seat pressure:

Valve Spring Installed Height

The installed height of the valve spring is the distance between the valve pocket and the outer edge of the spring retainer (which is the height of the valve spring) when the valve is closed. To check installed height, by following procedure:

1. Install the valve in the guide.
2. Install the retainer and valve locks.
3. Install all spring cups or valve spring shims 
4. Hold the valve closed by pulling the retainer up tightly against the valve locks.
5. Measure the distance between the outside edge of the valve spring retainer and the spring seat.  a height micrometer should be used.
6. If the installed height is not within 0.020", either machining of the valve pocket, or removal/installation of valve spring shims is necessary.

Inspection of valve spring tension:

cylinder head  /assembly of the valve springs:
cylinder head faults, treads and studs: cylinder head needs to be inspeted for warpage and can be remachined if required
core plug:  the  core plugs can be inspected for any sign of water leakage. When one of the core plugs is leaking, it is safer to replace them all.
camshaft for wear and general condition::
camshift bearings:

* Core plugs tend to corrode over time and this causes them to leak.
* Be aware that after an engine is overhauled and the core plugs replaced, there's a possibility the first time the engine runs at full operating temperature, core plugs may pop out if they are not installed properly.

camshaft bearing oil clearence:
Assembling the cylinder head;
OUT BOARD AND SHORT BLOCK:
Inspection of pistons:
Inspection of cylinder bore:
Pistons and rings:
Piston ring end gap:
Inspecting connecting rods:
Connecting rod and twist bend:
Crankshaft Inspection:
Big end journals:
Inspecting the cylinder block for warpage:
Cylinder block treads and studs.
Inspection of timing gears,sprockets,chains and belts.
Core plugs for leakage and damage:
Inspecting oil pumps:
:

 

2 stroke Engines

1.      Explain how a two stroke engine works?

A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft (an up stroke and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine).

2.      What is happening below and above the piston?

In a 2-stroke gasoline engine the events occurring below the piston are: intake of the mixture into the crankcase and its pre-compression. The events occurring above the piston are: compression of the mixture, combustion, and scavenging of exhaust gases.

3.      Explain what is meant, by scavenging when applied to 2 stroke SI engines?

In two stroke engine, each outward stroke of the piston is a power stroke. To achieve the operating cycle, the fresh charge must be supplied to the engine cylinder at a high- enough pressure to displace the burned gases from the previous cycle. Raising the pressure of the intake mixture is done in a separate pump or blower or compressor. The operation of clearing the cylinder of burned gases and filling it with fresh mixture (or air) – the combined intake and exhaust process – is called Scavenging.

4.      Why must roller and ball race bearings be used on 2 stroke SI engine crankshafts?

The two-stroke engine requires a needle roller bearing because the big end has less lubricating oil due to the structure. The needle rollers held in the retainer are inserted into the big end and run on the outer raceway of the big end and the inner raceway of the crankpin. The roller itself receives high stress and also exerts high  stress on the rolling surfaces.

5.      Why are rollers caged in crankshaft bearings?

Cages support high centrifugal and acceleration forces and are suitable for high speeds. They give bearing arrangements with high run out accuracy.

6.      Why must ‘split’ type bearings be used on one piece crankshafts?

A split (two halves) bearing is used on one piece crankshafts because the bearing must be assembled around the journal with the bearing housing being of two parts also, including a cap that holds the assembly together.

7.      Why do we have pins between the piston ring gaps on a 2 stroke?

We have a gap and pin at the centre because when the piston expands and contracts, the pin is used to align the ring at the centre

8.      How does a reed valve work on a two stroke?

Reed valve acts as a one way valve .It lets the fuel and air mixture into the crank case because of the low atmospheric pressure. As the piston travels down, the air pushes the reed valve to close acting as a one way valve.

9.      How do you check a reed valve? 

Remove the reed cage and examine the valves carefully exposing to the sunlight. If the corners are chipped or cracked, then they need to be replaced.

10.  Explain the term ovality and taper and how are they formed?

Ovality: It is a condition where circular object is deformed to an oval shape. Usually, ovality occurs on the Thrust side of a piston.

Taper: Taper means cylinder will be wide enough to accept both piston and rings. As you push piston upward, decreasing taper will squeeze rings to fit cylinder

11.  How does the piston ring seal in the bore?

Because of the gap in the piston ring, the piston ring expands and contracts during the power stroke and the exhaust stroke. During the expansion it can seal in the bore.

12.  What is meant by the terms groove depth, side clearance and end gap on the pistons rings?

Groove Depth: The distance between the cylinder walls with the piston centred and the back of the groove of the ring is known as Groove Depth.

Side Clearance: Clearance between the ring and the ring groove is known as Side Clearance.

End Gap: When fitting new piston rings or breaking them in within an engine, the end gap is a crucial measurement. In order that a ring may be fitted into the "grooves" of the piston, it is not continuous but is broken at one point on its circumference

13.  Explain the difference between a 2 stroke and a 4 stroke engine?

2 stroke engine

4 stroke engine

In a 2-stroke engine, the last three strokes are combined into one. 1.      Compression Stroke. The piston goes up and compresses a fuel/air mixture (in a gas engine) or just air (in a diesel.) 2.      Power Stroke. The fuel is ignited and drives the piston down. As the piston goes down it not only turns the crankshaft but also pressurizes the fuel/air mixture in the crankcase which is about to be admitted to the piston for the next cycle. Near the bottom of the stroke, an outlet opens and the exhaust gases are released. Even nearer the bottom of the stroke, an inlet opens and new fuel/air rushes in ready for compression.

In a 4-stroke engine the sequence can be written: 1.      Compression Stroke. The piston goes up and compresses a fuel/air mixture (in a gas engine) or just air (in a diesel). 2.      Power Stroke. The fuel is ignited (by a spark in a gas engine, by being injected into high temperature air in a diesel.) The energy released drives the piston down. This provides the momentum necessary to keep the crankshaft turning and make the other three strokes happen. 3.      Exhaust Stroke. The piston goes up and pushes the burned gases out the exhaust valve. 4.      Intake Stroke. The piston goes down and draws in new air, or fuel/air mixture, ready for the next compression stroke.

14.  What is meant by each of the following terms:

(a)   Mechanical Efficiency

It is the performance of the machine and it is known as a useful power output divided by the total consumed electrical power.

(b)   Thermal Efficiency

It is reciprocal to the actual heat energy stored within the fuel and the power produced in the engine.

(c)    Volumetric Efficiency

It is the percentage of the quantity of the fuel and air which enters the cylinder during induction to the actual capacity of the cylinder under static conditions.

15.  List 2 methods of lubricating the internal parts of 2 stroke S.I. engines?

2 stroke S.I. engines have a dry slump (except diesel).Henceforth, right amount of oil is needed to be mixed according to the specifications of the manufacturer.

OR

Another method is by premixing gasoline with oil.

16.  What happens if the piston gap is too big?

If the piston gap is too big, it can cause a leak in compression resulting lack of power.

17.  What happens if the piston gap is too small?

If the piston gap is too small, it can cease the piston during expansion and contraction or might result in breakage of the piston rings.

18.  How does a 2 stroke diesel engine work? 

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cooling systems

Explain the terms ( Kinetic energy) Conduction,convection and radiation?

CONDUCTION:

Conduction happens between objects at different temperatures which are in contact with each other. Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they are both at the same temperature.

CONVECTION:

Convection is the most efficient way to transfer heat. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas.

RADIATION:

Coolant heated from flowing through the engine is fed into the header of the radiator via the inlet and then cools down as it circulates through the tubes to opposite header and cold coolant exits back into the engine via the outlet, and this cycle is repeated. As it circulates through the tubes, the coolant transfers its heat to the tubes which, in turn, transfer the heat to the fins that are present between each row of tubes. The fins then radiate the heat transferred by the tubes to the surrounding air, the process is radiation.

What are the the problems you get with indect and direct cooling?

Indirect cooling

Marine engines use an enclosed cooling system. On the top of the engine there is a small tank that uses both, fresh water and coolant. This fresh water is circulated through the engine and through a heat exchanger. The fresh water, in this system, absorbs the heat of the engine. Raw water is still drawn up through the seacock but only flows through the heat exchanger jacket. This cooler raw water absorbs the heat from the fresh water through the heat exchanger jacket and is then pumped out the exhaust.

Direct cooling

Direct cooling uses a raw water cooling system. It can be fresh or salt water. The waterdrawn through a seacock fitting into the engine , and pumping it through the engine's water jacket and ports by way of a mechanical water pump. The water flows through the engine and directly out the exhaust. This cooler water absorbs heat from the engine to help keep it cool.

What is the puppose of a thermostat?

Thermostat : Thermostat is a device which regulates the flow of water after reaching to the ideal temparature required for the smooth function of engine.Thermostat opens at specified temp acting as one way valve.

Pressure cap

When the fluid in the cooling system heats up, it expands, causing the pressure to build up. The cap is the only place where this pressure can escape, so the setting of the spring on the cap determines the maximum pressure in the cooling system. When the pressure reaches 15 psi, the pressure pushes the valve open, allowing coolant to escape from the cooling system. This coolant flows through the overflow tube into the bottom of the overflow tank. This arrangement keeps air out of the system. When the radiator cools back down, a vacuum is created in the cooling system that pulls open another spring loaded valve, sucking water back in from the bottom of the overflow tank to replace the water that was expelled

Why is engines fitted with a core plug, and what is the purpose of a core plug?

Core plug: Core plug is also known as a welsh plug or cold plug. It is designed to take out the sand which the manufacturer's use to mould the block and also in to take out snow in frost conditions.

What is the purpose of a heat exchanger?How does the heat exchanger work?What is the core of the heat exchanger made of?

Fresh water cooling systems, also known as a closed cooling systems, come in several varieties. The most common type utilizes a Heat Exchanger which functions similarly to the radiator in a car. Coolant (antifreeze) is circulated through one side of the heat exchanger where it is cooled by raw water that passes through the other side of the heat exchanger. The engine coolant is then circulated back into the engine. The raw water is expelled out of the boat through the exhaust.

How does the centrifugal circulating water pump work?

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to create flow by the addition of energy to a fluid

How does a raw water pump work?

Raw water cooling systems draw water from outside the boat (seawater or lake water). Water is pumped from the source to the engine block then the engine circulation forces the raw water through the engine block and the water is expelled through the exhaust. Raw water cooling systems are relatively simple and the standard cooling system on most Marine Engines. The raw water pump in most cases is inside the outdrive. On larger engines and inboard engines the raw water pump is located inside the boat and is driven by a v-belt or directly off of the crankshaft. The danger is using salt water as a coolant in your engine. Salt water can be highly corrosive. Running salt water through your engine block and exhaust manifolds will lead to destructive corrosion that is unseen until your engine or exhaust manifolds fail.
marine engines cooled with raw water, especially ones that use salt water, have a shorter life span than marine engines cooled with a closed cooling system

Why is it important to lubicate the impellor when fitting from new?

After the new impellor is in place it is important to lubricate it to prevent wear until water is circulating

When fitting a impellor what should you check before refitting the housing and why?

When refitting an impellor, the gasket has to be intact and in place. Then when bolting down the housing, the housing should be bolted down evenly.

What is the purpose of a oil cooler and how does it work?

An oil cooler works similar to an radiator ,it circulates oil instead of coolant.This takes away the heat by the process of radiation the heat from the oil and help prevent overheating.

What is the processT of a intercooler/aftercooler how does it work?Why do we have Inhibitors & antifreeze?

Most automotive engines are water cooled to remove waste heat although the "water" is actually antifreeze/water mixture and not plain water. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive and marine industry which covers its primary function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines.Inhibitors used to prevent corrosion

How do you test Antifreeze?

What is cavitation corrosion?

Cavitation Corrosion occurs in areas with high flow rates and rapid pressure changes. This causes gas bubbles to collapse. This gives a high force on the metal surface which can remove oxide and give an active aluminium surface.

Efficient design to avoid large pressure changes or hard surface layers are ways to avoid cavitation corrosion.

What is galvanic corrosion?

Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially to another when both metals are in electrical contact and immersed in an electrolyte.

Describle the terms
Stray Current Corrosion
Stray current corrosion occurs when a metal object becomes anodic with respect to another structure. When the object is anodic to another structure, the surface acts as if it is a sacrificial anode, i.e., the surface is dissolved while electrically protecting the other cathodic structure

Stress corrosion
Stress corrosion is the unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a tensile stress in a corrosive environment, especially at elevated temperature in the case of metals.

Corrosion Fatigue

Corrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures experience some form of alternating stress and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life.

Crevice corrosion

Crevice Corrosion refers to the localized attack on a metal surface at, or immediately adjacent to, the gap or crevice between two joining surfaces. The gap or crevice can be formed between two metals or a metal and non-metallic material. Outside the gap or without the gap, both metals are resistant to corrosion.
The damage is normally confined to one metal at localized area within or close to the joining surfaces.

What is Electrolysis?

Electrolysis is the passage of a direct electric current through an ionic substance that is either molten or dissolved in a suitable solvent, resulting in chemical reactions at the electrodes and separation of materials.

How do you prevent corrosion?

Why and what is bonding in the marine industry?

What are sacrifical anode made off?

Sacrificial anode made of lead aluminium and zinc.

Where would you place them in the marine industry?

All metal objects exposed to sea water: pipelines, piers

What is the purpose of a water muffle?

Muffler converts harmful carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Some converters also reduce harmful nitrogen oxides. The converter is mounted between the exhaust manifold and the muffler.

Muffler:The muffler serves to quiet the exhaust down to acceptable levels. The combustion process is a series of explosions that create a lot of noise. Most mufflers use baffles to bounce the exhaust around dissipating the energy and quieting the noise